寫研究論文時的最大挑戰之一是化繁為簡的呈現。為了幫助讀者理解您的訊息,您必須寫出清楚的句子。不幸的是,研究寫作充斥著可能造成誤解的字詞,因而讓您無法隨心所欲地表達自己的意思。我將描述在醫學研究寫作中常造成混淆的字,解釋該如何正確使用這些字,讓您的語意更加明確。
不可交互使用的字
首先,我們來看看在研究寫作中常被交互使用,但其實意思不同的字:
Compose及comprise
Compose代表組成,如:
The heart is composed of two ventricles and two aorta.
Comprise代表包含,如:
The heart comprises two ventricles and two aorta.
常見的失誤是使用comprised of而非composed of,例如:
The heart is comprised of two ventricles and two aorta.(不正確)
Continual及continuous
Continual代表以頻繁的間隔重複發生,continuous代表持續不間斷,請看下面兩個例句:
A continuous intravenous infusion of antibiotics was administered for three days after surgery.(意指「病人連續三天不間斷地接受抗生素輸液」)
A continual intravenous infusion of antibiotics was administered for three days after surgery.(病人在三天時間內接受間斷式的抗生素輸液)
因此在句中使用continuous或continual(或是反過來),會造成不一樣的結果。
Consequently及subsequently
這兩個字常常被搞混,原因是兩者都指稱之後發生的某事,但是他們有不同的意思。Consequently意思是「作為…的結果(as a result of)」,subsequently則是「稍後(later)」,舉例如下:
The donated organ stopped working shortly after transplantation. Consequently, the patient had to return to regular dialysis treatment.
如果這裡改為用subsequently技術上不算錯,因為透析治療是在腎臟移植失敗之後進行的,但是透析是因為腎臟移植失敗才開始進行的,因此consequently較能精準表達前因後果,是有因果關係的。
如果您想要描述某事在某事之後發生,則使用subsequently:
Cortical neurons were plated in 6-cm petri dishes. Subsequently, the cells were transferred to an incubator and left to settle.
此句中,subsequently的使用是正確的,因為將細胞放進培養箱中是研究程序的下一步驟。這裡若用consequently會造成誤解,讀者會推測細胞移入培養箱是因為細胞原先置於培養皿上,但這是不正確的。
Dose及dosage
Dose意指一次給予的藥量,dosage意指給藥的量和頻率,通常是以一單位時間內有多少數量來表示,如下:
A 40-mg dose was administered every hour.
The dosage was 40 mg per hour.
Fewer及less
Fewer是用於可數項目的形容詞,即指涉數目(number);less是用於不可數項目的,即指涉數量(amount),例如:
We recruited less patients to the non-intervention group.(不正確)
We recruited fewer patients to the non-intervention group.(正確)
Patients in the non-intervention group received fewer treatment.(不正確)
Patients in the non-intervention group received less treatment.(正確)
也應該注意amount和number的使用。指涉不可數名詞時使用amount,指涉可數名詞時使用number。
A large amount of participants took part in the study.(不正確)
A large number of participants took part in the study.(正確)
Imply及infer
Imply 代表暗示或指示某事物,infer代表以事實為基礎導出有依據的結論。說話者或作者通常會imply,而聆聽者或讀者會infer。
The protocol implies that foetal calf serum should not be added to the cell culture medium.
The reader infers that foetal calf serum should not be added to the cell culture medium.
Risk及harm
Risk是某種有危險的事物造成傷害(harm)的機會,研究論文中常見的錯誤是使用risk代表harm,如:
There is a risk of radiation exposure during a CT scan.(不正確)
這句話沒有實質上的意義,但如果要表達的是患者在斷層掃描時肯定會暴露於輻射中,可以寫成輻射暴露後的傷害風險(risk of harm)。
Congenital及genetic
Congenital代表出生時即呈現出的,而genetic代表基因和染色體製造表徵型的方法。天生(congenital)缺陷不一定是由遺傳性(genetic)原因造成的,而遺傳性疾病亦不一定會在出生時呈現。
正確用字是謹慎、精準的態度
如果您在自己的研究論文中用了錯誤的字,期刊編輯可能會質疑關於研究科學內容的品質。下面是一些常常於研究論文中遭到誤用的字詞:
Abort
指的是被提早停止的過程,例如,在生殖醫學中,abort用在孕期上,而非用於胚胎或孕婦。
Endemic
用於描述經常出現於特定人口或地區的疾病,常見的錯誤是將endemic用於描述地區,如:
Parts of Africa are endemic for malaria.(不正確)
Malaria is endemic in parts of Africa.(正確)
Negative及positive;abnormal及normal
應該用於描述試驗結果,而非試驗本身。
The CRP blood test was negative.(不正確)
The CRP blood test results were negative.(正確)
Abnormal和normal也是同樣的觀念用法:
The brain scan was normal.(不正確)
Results of the brain scan were normal.(正確)
Acute及chronic
應該用於描述時間長度(acute=短期,chronic=長期),而非症狀、健康狀況或疾病的嚴重性,如下句:
The patient had chronic heart problems.
這句代表病人的心臟問題已經持續了一段時間,並不是指有嚴重的心臟病。
另外常見的錯誤是將acute和chronic用於描述病人、治療、藥物,如下:
He was a chronic heroin user.(不正確)
He was a long-term heroin user.(正確)
The patient received chronic dialysis treatment.(不正確)
The patient received long-term dialysis treatment.(正確)
Acute administration of epinephrine was required.(不正確)
Immediate administration of epinephrine was required.(正確)
Repeat
這字可以是名詞或動詞,但卻常被誤用為形容詞,例如:
A repeat surgery was performed.(不正確)
The surgery was repeated.(正確)
不可比較性
有些形容詞無法合理地量化或加以比較,因此無法加上比較級,如more或less。下面提供部分應注意的實例,這些形容詞加上more或less無法造成語意:
- Pregnant
一定不可能寫more pregnant,一個在最終孕期的婦女並不會比在第一孕期的婦女更加懷孕,懷有三胞胎也同樣不會比懷一胎的婦機更加懷孕。
- Absolute
- Infinite
- Entire
- Comprehensive
- Final
- Unique
- Preferable
避免誤解
學術寫作必須精準,才能避免誤解,注意論文中常用卻易混淆的字詞,希望以上內容能幫您更正確傳達作者本意。