現代中文的標點符號大致上脫胎於西方的標點符號,因此用法也大同小異。即便如此,在使用上仍有須注意之處,以下對各符號作簡單說明。
Apostrophe(撇號)
Apostrophe(符號是 ’ )有三種用途:
- 所有格,例如:all the king’s men。
- 簡寫,例如:do not簡寫為don’t。
- 單獨字母的複數,例如指稱多個字母a時要寫為a’s,而非as。
Brackets(括號)
Brackets(符號是() [ ] { } <>)在文句中的用途是提供補充說明或意見。學術寫作並不常用brackets,但並不是不能用。另外須注意brackets裡面的資訊往往會被視為是次要的資訊,不夠重要需寫入文句的正文之中,如例句所示:
The computer (a Dell Inspiron 1525) was put inside a case and was then used to measure impact frequencies.
Colon(冒號)
Colon(符號是 : )的用途是提出一串清單,或是一段解釋。須注意colon之前必須是一個完整的句子。例如:
This study will examine four major factors: interest rates, financial structure, management issues, and systematic processes.
Let’s start by looking at the only rule of colon use: a colon should only appear after a complete sentence.
Comma(逗號)
Comma(符號是 , )在文句中的用途是分隔兩個子句以及作為語氣停頓處。
Dash(連接號)
Dash可以進一步細分為en dash(符號是 –)與em dash(符號是 —),簡單說就是長度與字母n和m一樣寬度的dash符號。
En dash,或稱短破折號的用途如下:
- 表達一段數值或時間的範圍,例如:1.8–3.3、July 1–December 31、ages 65–75。
- 創造合成詞,且其左右兩邊連接的詞彙須為對等性質,例如:Taipei–Tokyo flight、doctor–patient relationship。
Em dash,或稱長破折號,用途就如同中文的破折號,例如:Academic publishing—an activity that can be difficult for new scholars—is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career。跟brackets不同的是,em dash是用來吸引讀者的注意,也就是說要凸顯所夾註資訊的重要性。請見以下三種寫法:
Academic publishing (an activity that can be difficult for new scholars) is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
Academic publishing, an activity that can be difficult for new scholars, is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
Academic publishing—an activity that can be difficult for new scholars—is crucial to promotion and funding early in an academic’s career.
在第一個寫法中,作者認為an activity that can be difficult for new scholars這樣的補充說明並不是很重要,所以放在brackets。第二個寫法中,作者認為an activity that can be difficult for new scholars有足夠的重要性,但還不需要特別強調,所以只用comma把它作為一個子句分隔開來。第三個寫法中,作者認為an activity that can be difficult for new scholars是讀者必須注意的重點,所以用em dash來吸引讀者的注意。
Ellipsis(刪節號)
Ellipsis(符號是 ...)是用來表達省略掉一部分文字。
Exclamation mark(驚嘆號)
Exclamation mark(符號是 !)是用來表達驚訝語氣的符號。學術寫作中除非是節錄文本內容或訪談紀錄,否則通常會避免使用exclamation mark。
Hyphen(連字號)
Hyphen(符號是 -)的用途在於創造合成詞,例如:post-ANOVA test、small-bowel obstruction、word-of-mouth。
Period/Full stop(句號)
Period(英式英語稱為full stop,符號是 .)是用來表示文句完結的符號。除此之外,亦用於表示縮寫,例如:Washington, D.C.。
Question mark(問號)
Question mark(符號是 ?)是用來表是疑問語氣的符號。學術寫作中除非是節錄文本內容或訪談紀錄,否則通常會避免使用question mark。
Quotation marks(引號)
Quotation marks(符號是 ‘...’ 與 “...”)的用途是標註一段引述的文字或是一段具有特別意義的文字。在英文中,讀者往往會將第二種用法解讀為帶有諷刺意味在,使用起來必須特別小心。例如:「She ran around with a bunch of “intellectuals.”(她周旋於一群「知識份子」中。)」,這句話裡intellectuals一字帶有貶意,表示作者不認為那群人真的夠格稱為知識分子。另外,須注意美式英文主要使用“...”,若“...”裡面的內容也有用到quotation marks的需求,則使用‘...’。英式英文則完全相反,主要用‘...’,‘...’裡面的內容則用“...”。以下為例句,同時請注意句號的位置。
- 美式:Angela had the nerve to tell me “When I saw ‘BYOB’ on your invitation, I assumed it meant ‘Bring Your Old Boyfriend.’”
- 英式:Angela had the nerve to tell me ‘When I saw “BYOB” on your invitation, I assumed it meant “Bring Your Old Boyfriend”’.
Semicolon(分號)
Semicolon(符號是 ; )者要的用法有二。其一是強調兩個句子之間的緊密關聯性,如以下例句:
Rejection of journal editors for poor English can only be avoided by revising the document carefully first, to ensure that English errors have been removed; this process of revising requires that the author or proofreader understands how to use grammatical conventions accurately in academic writing.
此例句其實可以將semicolon改成period,也就是把一句拆為兩句。但若想強調彼此的關聯,則可以用分號將兩者結合在一起。
第二種用法則是代替一串清單中分隔各項的comma。這點在清單中各項的敘述比較複雜時特別有用。比如下面例句:
The research on scholars’ academic writing for international publication confronts three main issues: the difficulty of finding suitable samples of academic writing at a similar English level across domains; the tension between coauthors, given that their knowledge of English may differ widely; and the tendency of researchers to value harmonious working conditions over correcting each other’s English errors and the possible conflict that might create.
在這個例句中,要是只用comma來分隔各項,則given that...那一段話將會使讀者感到很困惑,甚至看不懂全句到底在說什麼。
Slash(斜線)
Slash(符號是 /)在文句中的用途是用以表達區分,如he/she、and/or。