過渡詞(transition words),又稱為"轉折詞",有轉折承接的作用。在作文中善用過渡詞可以讓文章的脈絡更清楚,閱讀起來更有條理。過渡詞依照其功能主要可以分為四類:
Additive transitions:新增資訊、舉例、澄清資訊
Adversative transitions:做對比
Causal transitions:解釋因果關係
Sequential transitions:建立順序或邏輯架構
Additive transitions
用於添加額外訊息或提供解釋。例如,"此外"、"另外"、"同樣重要的是"等詞語能夠將相關的附加訊息補充到主要內容中,讓文章內容更加豐富。以下提供一些範例:
Moreover(而且,再者,此外)
例句:The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.(整個報告都寫得很差,而且還內容不實。)
In addition to(除……之外還)
例句:In addition to his apartment in Manhattan, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.(除了在曼哈頓擁有一套公寓外,他在義大利還有一座鄉間別墅,在蘇格蘭有一座城堡。)
Particularly(特別,尤其,異乎尋常地)
例句:We're particularly interested to hear from people who speak two or more European languages.(我們特別希望能收到說兩種或以上歐洲語言的人的來信。)
Notably(明顯地,顯然,值得注意地)
例句:The newspapers are notably biased.(報紙顯然有所偏袒。)
Specifically(特意,專門地)
例句:These jeans are designed specifically for women.(這些牛仔褲是專爲女性設計的。)
Similarly (同樣地,相似地)
例句:Cars must stop at red traffic lights, similarly, bicycles have to stop too.(汽車遇到紅燈時必須停下來,同樣,腳踏車也應該停下來。)
Adversative transitions
用於引入相反或對立的觀點,從而增強文章的論點和論證的效果。例如,"然而"、"但是"、"儘管如此"等詞語有助於表達衝突、對比或限制的關係。以下提供一些範例:
Nonetheless(然而,但是,儘管)
例句:There are serious problems with our vehicle. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to drive back home.(我們的車子有嚴重問題。但儘管如此,我們仍然覺得這是開回家的好時機。)
Although(雖然,儘管)
例句:She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous.(她一個人步行回家,儘管她知道那樣做很危險。)
Regardless of(不管怎樣,無論如何,不管,不顧)
例句:The plan for a new office building went ahead regardless of local opposition.(儘管遭到當地居民的反對,新建高層辦公大樓的計劃還是付諸實施了。)
Conversely(相反地,反過來地)
例句:You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.(你可以把液體加入粉末或反過來把粉末加入液體中。)
Causal transitions
用於表達原因和結果之間的關係。例如,"因為"、"所以"、"因此"等詞語能夠將前後兩個句子的因果關係連接起來,使文章更有邏輯性。以下提供一些範例:
Thus(因此,從而)
例句:He didn't work hard; thus, he was fired.(他工作不努力,因此被解僱。)
Therefore(因此,因而,所以)
例句:We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.(我們無法籌到資金,因此不得不放棄計劃。)
Otherwise(否則,不然)
例句:I'd better write it down. Otherwise, I'll forget it.(我最好把它寫下來,否則我會忘掉。)
Consequently(因此,所以)
例句:I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of the holiday.(我在第一週用掉了大部分錢,因此假期快結束時我都沒甚麽吃的了。
Sequential transitions
用於表達事件、觀點或想法的順序關係,使文章更具邏輯性和組織性。"首先"、"其次"、"最後"等詞語有助於將不同的想法、段落或句子連接在一起,使文章更加流暢和易於閱讀。以下提供一些範例:
Initially(起初,最初,初時)
例句:Initially, most people approved of the new plan.(起初,大部分人都同意這個新方案。)
Subsequently(隨後地,接著)
例句:In 1982 he was arrested and subsequently convicted on drinking and driving charges.(他在1982年被捕,隨後因酒後駕車指控而被定罪。)
Finally(最後)
例句:Finally, I'd like to thank everyone for coming this evening.(最後,我要感謝各位今晚光臨。)
在學術寫作中適當地使用過渡詞對於提升文章的結構和邏輯性非常重要。這些過渡詞能夠幫助讀者更好地理解文章的主旨,讓文章的內容更加連貫,觀點更加清晰。