一篇好摘要能讓讀者在讀完後,快速理解一篇研究的內容,而一篇壞摘要則會讓讀者在讀完後更加迷惑。本文將簡單介紹摘要的架構與撰寫一篇好摘要的注意事項,並提供範例。
一篇好摘要是整篇研究的概要,可以拆成四大環節,分別是引言、方法、結果與討論。摘要的引言可以用一到兩句話解釋研究背景並清楚說明研究目的,但應避免過於詳細的引言或敘述研究目的,所有的細節應在研究內文再詳細解釋。
摘要的引言:現在式或簡單過去式
因為研究已完成,摘要裡的引言應使用現在式或簡單過去式而非未來式。
例:Faster basketball players are more likely to evade defenders and score in a fast break. This study analyzed the relationship between the top speed of basketball players and their fast break points per game.
摘要的方法:簡單過去式
摘要裡的方法通常也只有一句到兩句話,且只要簡單敘述研究使用的材料和方法即可,不用詳細解釋研究選擇特定方法的原因或敘述不同方法的優劣。摘要裡的方法通常使用簡單過去式。
例:This study recruited 40 professional basketball players as research subjects and compared their 50 m sprint time and their fast break points per game.
摘要的結果:現在式或簡單過去式
摘要裡的結果是較重要的部分——能讓讀者了解研究成果——因此作者應仔細說明研究的發現。如果研究結果較多,作者應盡可能涵蓋較重要的部分或挑選較具指標性的數據,讓讀者能快速掌握研究的結論。摘要裡的結果應使用現在式或簡單過去式。
例:The results demonstrate that basketball players with a 50 m sprint speed under 6.2 seconds could score an average of 3.1 more points per game.
摘要的討論:現在式
摘要裡的討論包含研究結論、研究限制與未來研究建議。摘要的討論應使用現在式。
例:This study concludes that faster basketball players score more points. However, this study only investigated the performance of professional basketball players. Future studies can analyze other types of basketball players to improve the generalizability of this study.
為求精簡,摘要應避免被動語態、過長的句子、艱澀的用語或過於詳細的敘述。此外,一篇好摘要務必精確且應避免籠統的字句,例如只說明研究目的和問題卻不說明結果或結果過於籠統。
反例:What type of quality makes basketball players score more points was the research problem investigated by this study.(這例句較長且使用被動語態使得研究目的較籠統。)
例:This study analyzed the relationship between the top speed of basketball players and their fast break points per game.
反例:The results demonstrate that faster basketball players score more points.(這例句過於籠統,因此建議當作研究的結論而非研究成果。)
例:The results demonstrate that basketball players with a 50 m sprint speed under 6.2 seconds could score an average of 3.1 more points per game.