許多學術作者習慣透過長句來一次完整表達他們的想法,甚至他們也撰寫過由一句話所組成的段落。然而,過長的句子不易讀者閱讀,反觀精簡的句子能幫助讀者快速掌握重點,也能幫助作者簡明扼要表達想法並清楚整理思緒。
本文將簡單介紹三種精簡句子的方式。
1. 使用主動語態
多數學術文章都建議避免使用被動語態,因為被動語態通常會將句子的主詞移到句尾,導致容易造成語意不清。相反地,主動語態通常會將主詞放在句首,讓句子較為精簡,也讓讀者更容易閱讀。
主動語態:
例句1:The furious peasants overthrew the oppressive king after the king confiscated all their land.
被動語態:
例句2:The oppressive king was overthrown by the furious peasants because the king confiscated all their land.
以上述句子為例,若作者希望強調農民在國王沒收他們土地後造反,則應使用例句1的主動語態來表達文意。使用被動語態容易讓讀者混淆,不清楚作者希望強調的對象是國王還是農民。
2. 減少逗點
如果一句話有許多逗點,那作者應把這句話分成兩個以上的句子。
許多學術作者寫英文句子時,容易犯 “comma splice” 的錯誤——把許多獨立的子句全部用逗點連起來。在英文,逗點的功能是連結兩個有相關的子句。如果兩個子句可以獨立且語意通順,則需使用句點、分號或連接詞。
錯誤:
例句3:The king was oppressive, the king confiscated the peasants’ land, the peasants were furious, the peasants overthrew the king.
正確:
例句4:The king was oppressive and confiscated the peasants’ land. The peasants were furious and overthrew the king.
例句5:The oppressive king confiscated the peasants’ land, so the furious peasants overthrew the king.
在錯誤的例句中,由於所有子句皆是獨立且語意通順的句子,因此不可以用一個逗點連結,必須分成不同句子或用連接詞連接兩個句子。
3.避免使用 “very” 或 “really”
在剛開始學英文時,學生往往使用 “very” 或 “really” 來形容一件事物的特質,例如:“This food is very good”。然而,英文有許多形容詞能讓作者以更簡潔有力的方式描述一件事物。
例句6:The very angry peasants overthrew the really mean king after the king confiscated all their land.
例句7:The furious peasants overthrew the oppressive king after the king confiscated all their land.
例句6與例句7皆為文法正確、語意通順的句子;不過例句7使用 “furious” 與 “oppressive” 來分別取代 “very angry” 與 “very mean”,這能以更精簡的文字表達語意。
本文提供以下詞彙清單作為參考,也建議讀者在寫作時不妨搜尋適合的形容詞取代 “very” 或 “really”,讓文句更生動有趣!
替代very或really的詞彙
Very good | excellent, outstanding |
Very bad | awful, miserable |
Very pretty | gorgeous, magnificent |
Very ugly | unattractive, hideous |
Very small | microscopic, tiny |
Very big | gigantic, massive |
Very happy | joyful, overjoyed |
Very sad | dejected, wretched |